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Brahman was ultimate reality, no less. It is said to be one and all pervading, but formless and ineffable - a great mystery. Thus it is often referred to in negative terms - "Neti, neti" - "not this, not this". These noble teachings, were recorded, though not in systematic form in the 200 hundred or so Upanishads, which were composed between about 800 and 400 BC. Like the Vedas, these are the work of great poets but ones whose lyrical inspiration was fully informed by profound insight. Alarmed at the number of young men who were giving up their family duties to take to the homeless ascetic life, the brahmanas began to ponder the notion of Four Stages of Life. Firstly one is a student, then a householder, later one retires and gradually loosens the bonds that tie one to the world, and finally, can one become a renunciate or sanyassin and go off in search of the religious truth. Unfortunately, even the highest teachings seem invariably to undergo a fall when they are packaged for popular consumption by a professional priestly class. Thus it was with the Upanishads. It was part of Buddhas project to point out these debasements of the oncenoble teachings of the Upanishads, which in their original and highest forms were quite consistent with his own teachings. As life became more organized, it also became more expedient for those ascetics to abandon their old anarchic ways and become more organized themselves. They had also to demonstrate their seriousness and usefulness to society. Thus we find identifiable sects emerging, each with its own philosophy and practices, and centered around a shramana or teacher. Five main sects can be determined: © Copyright 1997-2002 º£´Ù´Ï ¼¼°è±âµµ¼¾ÅÍ & Çѱ¹ ÄÄÇ»Åͼ±±³È¸ ÀÌ ±â»ç´Â ¼öÁ¤, ÃâÆÇ ¶Ç´Â »ó¾÷Àû ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô º¹Á¦Çϰųª ¹èÆ÷ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. |